2. Chains of debt to the United States

When he led Tanzania, Julius Nyerere warned that debt to the Western powers could become a new form of colonial control. Loans with harsh conditions have forced African nations to prioritize repayments over healthcare, education, and infrastructure. True sovereignty, he insisted, necessitates that countries break free from their financial shackles. Together with Madaraka Nyerere, we reflect on how his father’s stance can guide Africa’s path to economic independence.